s13414-011-0120-z.pdf

The Nugget

Presenting a single image very briefly (about 100-200 ms) with a short interval (100 ms) between images maximizes memory efficiency, encoding information into long-term memory at a rate of approximately 1.4 objects per second.
Showing multiple images simultaneously or presenting images for prolonged durations decreases memory efficiency. An initial higher recall degrades similarly over a week across all presentation modes, suggesting stable long-term memory transfer for all conditions.

Make it stick

📷 Single Image Efficiency: Showing one image at a time for 100-200 ms is most efficient.
🤹 Parallel Processing Myth: Showing multiple images doesn’t boost memory, contradicting cost-free parallel processing theory.
🕒 Stable Memory: After a week, memory retention aligns regardless of initial presentation time, showing long-term stability.
🔁 Double Exposure Flaw: Repeatedly showing an image for shorter durations is less effective than a single prolonged viewing.

🖼️ Single Image Presentation: Showing one image very briefly (100-200 ms) with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of around 100 ms boosts recall efficiency to about 1.4 objects per second.
⏰ Fixed Encoding Rate: The rate of encoding into memory is relatively constant (1.4 objects per second) across varying presentation times and ISIs.

📉 Inefficiency with Multiple Images: Presenting multiple images at once results in decreased memory performance compared to single image presentations.
🔍 Costly Parallel Processing: No evidence supports cost-free parallel processing. Performance declines significantly when multiple items are shown simultaneously.

🎨 Detail Extraction Over Time: Longer presentation times improve memory for detailed features, essential for distinguishing between highly similar "state" distractors.
🛠️ Impact of Distractor Type: Recognition performance drops significantly with highly similar distractors compared to random distractors, indicating visual and conceptual memory is crucial.

📈 Stable Long-term Retention: Performance decreases over one week for longer trial durations, aligning with short-duration trial performance. All initial memories exhibit long-term retention stability.
🔄 Immediate vs. Delayed Testing: Introducing a minimal delay (a few minutes) before testing shows no significant impact on performance.

🎞️ Single Prolonged Viewing: Better performance is associated with single but longer exposures (200 ms) compared to shorter, repeated exposures. Repeated short presentations (100 ms each) yield worse results.

"The rate of encoding into memory is fixed at about 1.4 objects per second."
"Presenting only one image at a time improves performance, indicating no cost-free parallel processing."
"With highly similar distractors, performance was much worse, suggesting more detail time extraction is necessary."
"Retest after a week showed stable memory performance irrespective of initial presentation mode, indicating a lasting long-term memory representation."
"Better performance is associated with longer single exposures rather than shorter repeated presentations."

This summary contains AI-generated information and may have important inaccuracies or omissions.